Transdermal Systems Containing Multilayer Adhesive Matrices to Modify Drug Delivery

ABSTRACT

A transdermal drug-containing dosage unit comprises: a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally; a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first delivery profile of the drug; a second polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with said first polymeric adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second delivery profile of the drug, wherein said second delivery profile is different from said first delivery profile; and a release liner in contact with the second polymeric adhesive matrix. 
     The first polymeric adhesive matrix can release the drug more quickly or more slowly than the second polymeric adhesive matrix. Through the selection of the two matrices, the delivery profile of the drug through the skin can be selectively modified and controlled.

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 10/795,584, filed Mar. 9, 2004. The prior application is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to transdermal, pressure sensitive, adhesive delivery systems for the delivery of an agent, such as a drug, through the skin. More specifically, this invention is directed to such systems which comprise multilayer adhesive matrices.

A well-known method of delivering certain drugs in a controlled manner over time is through the use of a transdermal composition, such as a pressure sensitive adhesive containing the drug. Known delivery systems involve the incorporation of the desired drug into a carrier, such as a polymeric matrix and/or pressure sensitive adhesive formulation. Problems encountered with such delivery systems have included insufficient control over the rate and duration of the transdermal absorption, and a variety of compositions have been developed in efforts to maximize control of the release of a desired drug and the efficacy of the delivery unit.

Although a number of commercially useful transdermal delivery systems have been produced, further improvements are sought.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a transdermal drug-containing dosage unit comprises:

a) a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally;

b) a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with at least a portion of the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first initial delivery profile of the drug;

c) a second polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with at least a portion of said first polymeric adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second delivery profile of the drug, wherein said second delivery profile is different from said first delivery profile; and

d) a removable release liner in contact with at least a portion of the second polymeric adhesive matrix.

The invention further comprises a method for administering a drug transdermally to an individual in need of such administration, comprising applying to the skin of the individual a transdermal dosage unit comprising:

a) a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally;

b) a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with at least a portion of the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first initial delivery profile of the drug; and

c) a second polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with at least a portion of said first polymeric adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second delivery profile of the drug, wherein said second delivery profile is different from said first delivery profile.

The first polymeric adhesive matrix can release the drug more quickly or more slowly than the second polymeric adhesive matrix. Through the selection of the two matrices, the delivery profile of the drug through the skin can be selectively modified and controlled to an extent not possible with delivery devices which comprise only a single adhesive matrix.

If desired, the compositions further can contain or employ other ingredients known for use in pressure sensitive adhesives, including crosslinking agents, plasticizers, tackifiers, fillers, anti-oxidants and excipients or penetration enhancers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the transdermal flux (rate of delivery) of three matrices, including a bi-layer matrix in accordance with this invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the cumulative delivery of the three matrices of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to dermal compositions suitable for the delivery of a drug through the skin. The compositions allow for very controlled delivery of the drug through the unique combination of two or more different adhesive matrices which can be selected and layered to provide a desired drug delivery profile.

Specifically, compositions of the present invention comprise:

a) a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally;

b) a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with at least a portion of the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first delivery profile of the drug;

c) a second polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with a portion of said first polymeric adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second delivery profile of the drug; and

d) a removable release liner in contact with at least a portion of the second polymeric adhesive matrix.

The first and second polymeric adhesive matrices in a two matric composition also will be referred to as the anchor adhesive layer and the skin contact adhesive layer, respectively. They are selected such that there is a significant difference in the rate of drug delivery from each layer. In addition, the two adhesives also can be selected such that there is a significant difference in one or more other physical characteristics, such as the solubility, miscibility or stability of the drug or desired excipients, in each of the two layers, which can further affect the delivery of the drug from the composition and through the skin of the person wearing the composition. As used herein, “significant difference” means a difference in drug delivery of at least about 10%-100%, preferably at least about 15%-60%, between the two adhesive matrices or layers. The desired difference in drug delivery rates between the two layers can be achieved simply through the selection of the two adhesive matrices or through the selection of the adhesive for each matrix in combination with the choice of relative thickness of each layer.

The first and second adhesive matrices can be selected such that the rate of drug delivery initially is faster from the second matrix, or skin contact layer, than it is from the first matrix, or anchor layer. In such instances, there will be an initial burst, or spike, of drug delivered through the skin of the wearer, followed by a slower and more steady release of the drug. Alternatively, the adhesive matrices can be selected such that the rate of drug delivery initially is faster from the first matrix, or anchor layer, than it is from the second matrix, or skin contact layer. Such a system allows for the tuning of the delivery profile depending upon the thickness of the two layers. Specifically, the slower delivering adhesive layer contacting the skin controls the delivery through the skin and modulates the faster delivering adhesive layer's tendency to deliver the drug rapidly. In such instances, there will be a continuous drug delivery, perhaps with a “burst” in delivery at a specific time post-application, depending upon the thickness and composition of the matrices and the drug concentration. For instance, the burst could be accounted for by a release of drug and components by the anchor layer having a driving force so great as to overcome any rate limiting properties that the skin contact layer may have. Such a release pattern is useful, for example, in delivering drugs to the body to mimic a circadian rhythm (e.g., testosterone).

The rate of release from an adhesive matrix can change over the course of its functional lifespan. Often, this is caused by the absorption of water or other components from the surface of the skin of the wearer. Alternatively, one can incorporate into the skin contact matrix an exhaustible penetration retardant or load the skin contact matrix with solid drug crystals to impair initial delivery of the drug through the skin.

In one embodiment of this invention, the composition comprises more than two adhesive matrices, such as three or four or five adhesive matrices. For example, a composition could comprise one or more additional adhesive matrices sandwiched in between the adhesive matrix which is in contact with the backing layer, and the adhesive matrix which is in contact with the release liner. An advantage to including three or more matrices is having increased ability to control the rate of delivery either through the use of the different layers or by adding different excipients to the different layers to change or control the rate of delivery. Other advantages include increased chemical stability, processing, cosmetic or physical (improved wear) advantages. If there are more than two adhesive matrixes in a composition, the initial rate of delivery of the drug from one of the matrices is different from that from at least one of the other matrices. In one embodiment, the initial rate of drug delivery in each matrix is different from that of each other matrix.

The adhesives used in the compositions, or unit dosage forms, of the present invention are those which are tacky or sticky to the touch and which typically adhere to a substrate, such as the skin, upon the application of mild pressure. They therefore often are referred to as pressure sensitive adhesives.

The choice for each adhesive matrix layer can be made from any pressure sensitive adhesives conventionally used in transdermal delivery devices, provided that the two materials chosen have significantly different drug delivery rates. In one preferred embodiment, one matrix comprises an acrylic adhesive and the other matrix comprises a silicone adhesive. In this combination, the acrylic adhesive has the relatively slow delivery characteristics; the silicone adhesive has the more rapid delivery characteristics. In a second preferred embodiment, one matrix comprises an acrylic adhesive and the other comprises a polyisobutylene adhesive. In this embodiment, the acrylic adhesive again has the relatively slow delivery characteristics; the polyisobutylene adhesive delivers the drug more rapidly.

If the composition comprises three adhesive matrices, it can comprise, for example, an acrylic adhesive layer sandwiched between two silicone adhesive layers, or a silicone adhesive layer in between two acrylic adhesive layers. Alternatively, each layer could have a different polymer, such as a silicone, polyisobutylene, and acrylate adhesive multilayer system. The choice of adhesive for each layer will be determined by the delivery profile desired for the final composition.

Suitable silicone adhesives include pressure sensitive adhesives made from silicone polymer and resin. The polymer to resin ratio can be varied to achieve different levels of tack. Specific examples of useful silicone adhesives which are commercially available include the standard BIOPSA® series (7-4400, 7-4500 and 7-4600 series) and the amine compatible (endcapped) BIOPSA® series (7-4100, 7-4200 and 7-4300 series) manufactured by Dow Corning. Preferred adhesives include BIO-PSA® 7-4202, BIO-PSA® 7-4301, BIO-PSA® 7-4302, BIO-PSA® 7-4501, BIO-PSA® 7-4502 and BIO-PSA® 7-4602.

Suitable polyisobutylene adhesives are those which are pressure sensitive and have suitable tack. The polyisobutylene can comprise a mixture of high and low molecular weight polyisobutylenes. Specifically, high molecular weight polyisobutylenes are those with a molecular weight of at least 1,000,000. Low molecular weight polyisobutylenes are those with a molecular weight of at least 100 but less than 1,000,000. Desirably, the high molecular weight polyisobutylene comprise between about 20 and 80% by weight of the total polyisobutylene, preferably between about 40% and 50%, most preferably about 45%, and the low molecular weight polyisobutylene comprises between about 80% and 20% by weight of the total polyisobutylene, preferably between about 50% and 60%, most preferably about 55%. A specific example of a useful polyisobutylene is one which comprises 45% high molecular weight polymer (˜1,250,000) and 55% low molecular weight polymer (˜44,000) at approximately 25% solids in n-heptane.

Useful acrylic polymers include various homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers and the like of acrylic acids. They include copolymers of alkyl acrylates or methacrylates. Polyacrylates include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, N-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylbutyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, decyl acrylate, decylmethacrylate, dodecyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, tridecyl acrylate, and tridecyl methacrylate. Useful acrylic adhesives include crosslinked carboxyl functional adhesives such as DURO-TAK®87-2194, non-crosslinked carboxyl functional adhesives such as DURO-TAK®87-2051, crosslinked hydroxyl functional adhesives such as DURO-TAK®87-2516, non-crosslinked hydroxyl functional adhesives such as DURO-TAK®87-2287, grafted adhesives such as DURO-TAK®87-5298 and non-functional adhesives such as DURO-TAK®87-4098. Preferred acrylic adhesives include crosslinked carboxyl functional acrylic adhesives, such as DURO-TAK® 87-2194 manufactured by National Starch and Chemical Co.

In addition to the aforementioned adhesives, other adhesives useful in compositions in accordance with this invention include other acrylate, rubber or silicone pressure adhesives, whether hotmelt, waterborne or solvent based.

In addition to the two or more adhesive layers, compositions in accordance with this invention comprise a backing and a release liner, each of which can comprise materials conventionally used in transdermal patch compositions. The material chosen for the backing is one which is flexible, impermeable to the drug, and, if desired, can be colored or labeled. The backing provides support and a protective covering for the dosage unit. Suitable backing materials include those known in the art for use with pressure sensitive adhesives. For example, the backing can comprise a polyolefin, polyester, multi-layer EVA film and polyester, polyurethane or combination thereof. A preferred backing material is MEDIFLEX® 1000, a polyolefin manufactured by Mylan Technologies, Inc.

The release liner is removed and discarded from the composition to expose the skin contact adhesive layer which functions as the means of applying the composition to the patient and through which the drug passes as it is delivered to the patient. Suitable release liners include those known in the art for use with pressure sensitive adhesive compositions. For example, the release liner can comprise a fluorosilicone coated polyester or silicone coated polyester. A preferred release liner is MEDIRELEASE® 2500, MEDIRELEASE® 2249 and MEDIRELEASE® MR2226, each manufactured by Mylan Technologies, Inc., or Scotchpak® 1022, manufactured by 3M Pharmaceuticals/D.D.S. The release liner can, however, comprise other materials, including paper or paper-containing layers or laminates, various thermoplastics, polyester films, foil liners, and the like.

Once the dosage unit forms have been prepared, they are placed in appropriate packaging for storage until they are to be applied in transdermal treatment.

The compositions of this invention possess sufficient adhesive properties that once the release liner is removed and the composition is applied to the skin the composition can remain in place for a period of time sufficient to distribute the desired amount of the drug contained therein with a low incidence of debonding.

The compositions of this invention can be made by first preparing separate adhesive blends for each layer of the dosage unit, then dissolving or suspending the drug of choice in at least one of the blends, each of which has been made by mixing a suitable solvent with the pressure sensitive adhesive of choice. The anchor layer is coated first on a release liner, dried and then laminated to the desired backing film, according to predetermined parameters, such as temperature and dwell time (line speed), which yield minimal residual solvent levels. The skin contact layer then is coated on a separate release liner and dried. The release liner is removed from the anchor layer and the adhesive side of the skin contact layer is laminated onto the adhesive side of the anchor layer so that the anchor layer is between the backing and the skin contact layer. If the drug initially is suspended or dissolved in only one of the two adhesive layers, it will, over time, equilibrate into the other adhesive layer until a common equilibrium is achieved. It may be desirable to prepare the composition with the drug initially suspended or dispersed in only one of the two adhesive layers if, for example, the other adhesive layer is prepared with a solvent which would be deleterious to the drug but which evaporates during processing (coating and drying).

If more than two layers are to be provided, the third (middle) layer is coated as a liquid onto a release liner, dried, laminated to either the adhesive side of the dried skin contact layer or the adhesive side of the dried anchor layer once the release liner has been removed from the latter, then the two parts of the dosage unit are laminated to one another as above.

Suitable solvents for use in preparing the adhesive blends include acetone, heptane, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, ethanol, hexane, toluene, xylene, 2,4-pentanedione, methanol and water.

Alternative methods for producing or achieving a transdermal delivery dosage unit in accordance with this invention may be apparent to persons skilled in the art, and such alternative methods also fall within the scope of the present invention. For example, an adhesive blend can be coated onto the backing film rather than the release liner. Alternatively, an adhesive coating can be created without using a solvent, such by heating the adhesive to its melting temperature (hot-melt adhesive). With this technique, no drying of the adhesive is required, only cooling.

There are many coating techniques for applying a continuous liquid coating onto a substrate, including using a gravure roll, reverse roll, falling film, inkjet, etc. All of these are well-known to persons of ordinary skill in the art and can be used to create pressure-sensitive adhesive layers from a solvated blend. Alternatively, a thin adhesive coating can be achieved by extrusion, in which the adhesive blend is forced through a die under pressure onto the substrate either as a continuous coating or as a printed (intermittent) pattern.

The thickness of the anchor and skin contact layers of the compositions of this invention can vary, depending upon such factors as the amount of drug to be delivered from the composition and the desired wear period. Generally, however, the skin contact layer has a thickness of between about 5 and 150 gsm, preferably between about 25 and 50 gsm. The anchor layer generally has a thickness of between about 5 and 150 gsm, preferably between about 25 and 100 gsm. Variations can be determined as a matter of routine experimentation by those of ordinary skill in the art.

The compositions of the present invention are suitable for the transdermal delivery of a wide range of drugs. The term “drugs” is intended to have its broadest interpretation as including any therapeutically, prophylactically and/or pharmacologically or physiologically beneficial active substance, or a mixture thereof, which is delivered to a living being to produce a desired, beneficial effect. More specifically, any drug which can produce a pharmacological response, localized or systemic, whether therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylactic in nature, is within the contemplation of the present invention. Also included within the scope of the invention are bioactive agents, such as insect repellants, sun screens, cosmetic agents, etc. The drug can be provided in an amount sufficient to cure, diagnose, or treat a disease or other condition. This definition includes, but is not limited to:

1. cardiovascular drugs, such as nitroglycerin, propranolol, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrates, diltiazem, nifedipine, procainamide, clonidine and others,

2. androgenic steroids, such as testosterone, methyltestosterone and fluoxymesterone,

3. estrogens, such as conjugated estrogens, esterified estrogens, etropipate, 17-β estradiol, 17-β estradiol valerate, equilin, mestranol, estrone, estriol and diethylstilbestrol,

4. progestational agents, such as progesterone, 19-norprogesterone, norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, melengestrol chloradinone, ethisterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, norethynodrel, dimethisterone, ethinylestrenol, norgestrel, megestrolacetate, and ethinodiol diacetate,

5. drugs which act on the central nervous system, including sedatives, hypnotics, analgesics, anesthetics, and antianxiety agents; such as salicylic acid derivatives, opiates, opioids and the like; including chloral hydrate, benzodiazepines, naloxone, haloperidol, pentobarbitol, phenobarbitol, secobarbital, codeine, lidocaine, dibucaine, benzocaine, fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and nicotine,

6. nutritional agents, including vitamins, essential amino acids and essential fats,

7. anti-inflammatory agents, including hydrocortisone, cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, halcinonide, methylprednisolone, fluorocortisone, corticosterone, paramethasone, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, indoprofen, salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, sulindac, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, indonisilone and tolmetin,

8. antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, triprolidine, chlorcyclizine, promethazine, cyclizine, chlorprenaline, terrenadine, phenylpropanolamine and chlorpheniramine,

9. miotics, such as pilocarpine,

10. dermatological agents, such as vitamins A and E,

11. anti-spamodics, including atropine, methantheline, papverine, cinnmedrine and methscopolamine,

12. anti-depressants, such as isocaboxazid, phenelzine, imipramine, amitrptyline, trimepramine, dozepin, desipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, amoxapine and maprotiline,

13. anti-cancer drugs,

14. anti-diabetics, such as insulin,

15. anti-estrogens or hormone agents, including tamoxifen or HCG,

16. anti-infectives, including antibiotics, anti-bacterials and anti-virals, such as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfoxazole, idoxuridine, and erythromycin,

17. anti-allergenics, such as antazoline, metapyrilene, and pyrilamine,

18. anti-pyretics, including aspirin and salicylamide,

19. anti-migraine agents, including dihydroergotamine and pizotyline,

20. tranquilizers, including reserpine, chlorpromazine, and antianxiety benzodiazepines, and

21. anti-psychotic agents, including haloperidol loxapine, molindone, thiothixene, pimozide, risperidone, quetiapine fumarate, olanzapine, and/phenothiazine derivatives.

Other drugs suitable for delivery using a transdermal system can be readily determined by persons of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, pharmacologically acceptable derivatives of the drugs, such as ethers, esters, amides, acetals, salts and the like, which are suitable for transdermal administration can be used.

In a preferred embodiment, a composition of this invention comprises estradiol, a combination of estradiol and norethindrone acetate or a combination of estradiol and levonorgestrel or other progestin. Such patches are indicated for post-menopausal women as hormone replacement therapy. One or more bioactive and biocompatible derivatives of estradiol capable of being absorbed transdermally can be used in place of, or in combination with, estradiol. Derivatives of estradiol include 13- or 7-mono-esters and di-esters of estradiol, including estradiol-3,17-diacetate; estradiol-17-acetate; estradiol-3,17-valerate; estradiol-3-valerate; estradiol-17-valerate; 3-mono-17-mono- and 3,17-dipilivate esters; 3-mono-, 17-mono-, and 3,17-dipropionate esters; corresponding heptanoate and benzoate esters; ethanol estradiol; estrone; and other estrogenic steroids and derivatives which are transdermally absorbable.

Other suitable progestins include progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, ethynodiol diacetate, and the like.

When estradiol is used as the sole active drug in the dosage unit, each unit typically comprises from about 0.1% to about 4.0% (w/w) estradiol. When estradiol is provided in combination with either norethindrone or levonorgestrel or other progestin, each dosage unit typically comprises about 0.1% to about 4.0% (w/w) estradiol and about 0.1% to about 20% of the progestin. These ranges are intended only as guidelines; the actual amount of drug provided depends upon the choice of adhesive for the skin contact and anchor layers, the amount of drug desired to be delivered transdermally to the patient within a certain period of time, and the rate at which the drug can permeate through the skin of the person wearing the dosage unit or patch.

In one specific embodiment of this invention, a transdermal dosage unit comprises a silicone skin contact layer of about 25 gsm (grams/m²) and an acrylate anchor layer of about 75 gsm and contains about 1.4% (w/w) estradiol. In a second specific embodiment, a transdermal dosage unit comprises a silicone skin contact layer of about 50 gsm and an acrylate anchor layer of about 75 gsm and contains about 1.4% estradiol. In a third specific embodiment, a transdermal dosage unit comprises a silicone skin contact layer of about 25 gsm and an acrylate anchor layer of about 100 gsm, each containing about 1.4% estradiol.

In a fourth specific embodiment, a transdermal dosage unit comprises a polyisobutylene skin contact layer of about 50 gsm which contains 1.0% (w/w) estradiol and a 50 gsm anchor layer which contains about 1.4% (w/w) estradiol in an acrylate adhesive.

The amount of drug to be incorporated into the compositions of this invention vary, depending upon the drug or combination of drugs of interest, the desired therapeutic effect and the time span over which the composition will release the drug and provide therapy. As the passage of drugs through the skin often is the rate limiting step, the amount of drug chosen and the rate of release from the adhesives typically are selected so as to provide for delivery of the drug for a prolonged period of time, wherein the minimum amount of the drug in the system is based upon the rate at which it will pass through the skin in the time period for which the composition is to provide therapy. The amount of drug in the composition typically can vary from about 0.05% to about 40% by weight of the delivery device and preferably is within the range of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight, most preferably within the range of about 0.1% to about 4.0% by weight.

The drug(s) of interest can be provided in admixture with other ingredients which are compatible with the transdermal administration of the desired drug to patients. Such other ingredients include crosslinking agents, plasticizers, tackifiers, fillers, anti-oxidants, dispersing agents and excipients, such as propylene glycol.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of a Two-Layer Delivery Device

Separate adhesive blends are made for each layer of the finished system, with the drug dissolved or suspended in at least one blend. The blends are made by suspending or dissolving the drug in a combination of solvent, adhesive, and, optionally, excipient. Desired remaining components for each blend can be dispersed in a premix or added directly to the adhesive blends along with the drug. Once all the components are added together in their respective blend, the blends are mixed separately with an air driven mixer until uniform. See Table 1 below for example amounts of each component blend:

TABLE 1 Component % (w/w) Wet Weight (g) Anchor Layer Blend Ethyl Alcohol Dehydrated 4.56 9.50 Alcohol USP-200 Proof punctilious (Ethyl Alcohol) Estradiol Hemihydrate, USP, micronized 0.63 1.32 Povidone USP (Plasdone K-29/32) 1.55 3.23 DURO-TAK ® 87-2194 93.25 194.14 Skin Contact Layer Blend Ethyl Alcohol Dehydrated 5.89 6.00 Alcohol USP-200 Proof punctilious (Ethyl Alcohol) Estradiol Hemihydrate, USP, micronized 0.81 0.83 Povidone USP (Plasdone K-29/32) 2.00 2.04 360 Medical Fluid (100 cSt.) 2.94 3.00 BIO-PSA ®7-4502 88.36 90.08

Following thorough mixing, the anchor layer blend is coated onto an appropriate release liner at the specified thickness to obtain the desired gsm. The laminate is dried for 4 minutes at 41° C. followed by 4 minutes at 77° C. in forced air ovens, then laminated to the desired backing film. The skin contact layer blend is coated onto a separate release liner and dried, using the same conditions as were used to prepare the anchor layer laminate.

To assemble the finished product, the anchor layer release liner is removed and the adhesive side of the dried skin contact layer is laminated to the adhesive side of the anchor layer.

Example 2

Transdermal delivery devices were made in accordance with the teachings of Example 1. Each device contained a total of 0.1-4.0% (w/w) drug. The anchor adhesive matrix of each delivery device was an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive and initially contained 0.1%-4.0% drug and between 0-5.0% (w/w) povidone. The skin contact matrix of each delivery device comprised a silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive and initially contained 0.1% to 4.0% of the drug, 0-5% (w/w) povidone and 0-5% of a tackifier/plasticizer. The silicone contact layer of each device had a thickness of 5-100 gsm and the anchor layer had a thickness of 5-150 gsm. In one embodiment, the device comprised 1.4% estradiol in each of the acrylic adhesive layer and the skin contact layer, 3.4% povidone in each of the acrylic adhesive layer and the skin contact layer, and the skin contact layer comprised 5% of 360 Medical Fluid (100 cSt) as the tackifier/plasticizer.

Example 3

Transdermal delivery devices were made in accordance with the teachings of Example 1. Each device contained a total of 0.1-4.0% (w/w) drug. The anchor adhesive matrix of each delivery device was an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive and initially contained 1.4% drug and between 0-5.0% (w/w) povidone. The anchor layer also contained 0-10% (w/w) propylene glycol. The skin contact matrix of each delivery device comprised a polyisobutylene pressure-sensitive adhesive and initially contained 1.0% drug, 0-5% (w/w) povidone and 10-50% of a tackifier/plasticizer. In each device, the skin contact layer had a thickness of 5-100 gsm and the anchor layer had a thickness of 5-100 gsm. In one embodiment, the device comprised 3.4% povidone in each of the acrylic adhesive layer and the skin contact layer, and the skin contact layer comprised 30% mineral oil as the tackifier/plasticizer.

Example 4

A transdermal device was made in accordance with the teachings of Example 2. The silicone skin contact layer had a thickness of 25 gsm and the anchor layer had a thickness of 75 gsm.

Example 5

A transdermal device was made in accordance with the teachings of Example 2. The silicone skin contact layer had a thickness of 50 gsm and the anchor layer had a thickness of 75 gsm.

Example 6

A transdermal delivery device was made in accordance with the teachings of Example 3. The polyisobutylene skin contact layer had a thickness of 50 gsm and the acrylate anchor layer had a thickness of 50 gsm.

Example 7

Transdermal delivery devices were made in accordance with the teachings of each of Examples 2 and 3. In each device, the drug was estradiol, a combination of estradiol and norethindrone acetate or a combination of estradiol and levonorgestrel.

Example 8

Transdermal delivery devices were made in accordance with the teachings of Example 2. In each device, the silicon adhesive was BIO-PSA® 7-4202, 7-4301, 7-4302, 7-4501, 7-4502 or 7-4602.

Example 9

Transdermal delivery devices were made in accordance with the teachings of Example 3. In each device, the polyisobutylene adhesive comprised from 20-80% of polyisobutylene with a molecular weight of at least 1,000,000 and 80-20% of polyisobutylene with a molecular weight of between 100 and 1,000,000.

Example 10

Transdermal delivery devices were made in accordance with the teachings of Example 9. In each device, the polyisobutylene adhesive comprised 45% polyisobutylene with a molecular weight of at least 1,000,000 and 55% polyisobutylene with a molecular weight of between 100 and 1,000,000.

Example 11

A transdermal delivery device was made in accordance with the teachings of Example 2. The 50 gsm skin contact layer contained 1.4% estradiol hemihydrate, 3.4% povidone and 5% 360 Medical Fluid (100 cSt) in a medical grade, silicone pressure sensitive adhesive BIO-PSA® 7-4502. The 75 gsm anchor layer contained 1.4% estradiol hemihydrate and 3.4% povidone in DURO-TAK® 87-2194, a medical grade acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive. The backing consisted of polyolefin (MEDIFLEX® 1000). The release liner was fluorosilicone coated polyester (MEDIRELEASE® 2500 or Scotchpak® 1022). All percentages are w/w.

The delivery system had a size of 30 cm², produced a delivery spike of estradiol and delivered approximately 0.1 mg/day in vitro.

Example 12

A transdermal delivery device was made in accordance with the teachings of Example 3. The 50 gsm skin contact layer contained 1.0% estradiol hemihydrate, 3.4% povidone and 30% mineral oil in medical grade polyisobutylene pressure sensitive adhesive. The 50 gsm anchor layer contained 1.37% estradiol hemihydrate, 8.0% propylene glycol and 3.4% povidone in DURO-TAK® 87-2194, a medical grade acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive. The backing consisted of polyolefin (MEDIFLEX® 1000). The release liner was siliconized polyester (MEDIRELEASE® 2249). All percentages are given on a w/w basis.

The delivery device had a size of 30 cm², produced a delivery spike of estradiol and delivered 0.1 mg/day in vitro.

Example 13

A transdermal delivery device was made in accordance with the teachings of Example 1. The anchor layer matrix comprised 50 gsm DURO-TAK® 87-2194 to which was laminated a 50 gsm polyisobutylene skin contact layer matrix. The anchor layer matrix contained 1.37% estradiol hemihydrate, 4.0% propylene glycol, 3.4% povidone and 1.13% colloidal silicon dioxide. The skin contact layer matrix contained 1.37% estradiol hemihydrate, 3.4% povidone, 4.0% propylene glycol, 1.13% colloidal silicon dioxide, and 30% mineral oil in a polyisobutylene adhesive. The backing was MEDIFLEX® 1000 and the release liner was MEDIRELEASE® 2226.

Example 14

A transdermal delivery device was made in accordance with the teachings of Example 1. The anchor layer matrix comprised 75 gsm DURO-TAK® 87-2194 to which was laminated a 50 gsm skin contact layer matrix of BIO-PSA® 7-4502. The anchor layer matrix contained 1.37% estradiol hemihydrate and 3.4% povidone. The skin contact layer matrix contained 1.37% estradiol hemihydrate, 3.4% povidone and 5% 360 Medical Fluid (100 cSt). The backing was MEDIFLEX® 1000 and the release liner was MEDIRELEASE® 2500.

Example 15

A delivery device was made in which the rate of delivery of drug from the skin contact layer was slower than the rate of release from the anchor layer. The transdermal delivery profiles of the bilayer and constitutive monolayers show that the bi-layer delivers drug through the skin at the same normalized rate as the rapidly delivering (silicone) matric, but at a steady rate characteristic of the slow-delivery (acrylic) matrix.

Rapidly delivering adhesive films were prepared by coating a silicone adhesive blend so as to create a homogeneous dry adhesive layer containing 1.25% estradiol, 5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 4% oleic acid, and BIO-PSA® 7-4502 silicone adhesive. The blend was coated onto 3M ScotchPak® 1022 release liner and dried for 4 minutes at 41° C. and 4 minutes at 77° C. to create adhesive films of approximately 100 grams per square meter (gsm).

Slowly delivering adhesive films were prepared by coating an acrylic adhesive blend so as to create a homogeneous dry adhesive layer containing 1.25% estradiol, 5% polyvinyl pyrolidone, 4% oleic acid and DURO-TAK® 87-2516 acrylic adhesive from National Starch and Chemical Co. The blend was coated onto MEDIRELEASE® 2249 release liner and dried for 4 minutes at 40° C. and 4 minutes at 77° C. to create two dry adhesive films of approximately 25 and 100 gsm, respectively.

Two drug delivery systems were prepared by laminating either the 100 gsm rapidly delivering silicone adhesive film or the 100 gsm slowly delivering acrylic adhesive film to 3M CoTran 9722 backing film.

A third drug delivery system was prepared by first transferring the rapidly delivering silicone adhesive film from the release liner to 3M CoTran 9722 backing film. The 25 gsm slowly delivering acrylic adhesive film was laminated on top of the rapidly delivering silicone adhesive film. The finished system consisted of a backing film, 100 gsm silicone adhesive layer, 25 gsm acrylic adhesive layer and release liner. After allowing all systems to equilibrate, they were tested for in vitro delivery of drug through human skin. The table below summarizes the three systems tested:

System 3 (Bi-Layer System 1 (Rapidly System 2 (Slowly with Slowly Delivering Delivering Silicone Delivering Acrylic Acrylic Matrix in Adhesive Matrix) Matrix) Contact with Skin) GSM: 100 GSM: 100 Acrylic GSM: 25 Silicone GSM: 100 Estradiol 1.25% Estradiol 1.25% Estradiol 1.25% PVP 5% PVP 5% PVP 5% Oleic Acid 4% Oleic Acid 4% Oleic Acid 4% By laminating the two layers together, the resulting transdermal system delivered the medication through the skin at the same normalized rate as the rapidly-delivering matrix, but at a steady continuous rate more characteristic of the slowly-delivering matrix. See FIGS. 1 and 2. 

1. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37, wherein said drug comprises a cardiovascular drug, an androgenic steroid, an estrogen, a progestational agent, a drug which acts on the central nervous system, a nutritional agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antihistamine, a miotic, a dermatological agent, an anti-spasmodic, an anti-depressant, an anti-cancer drug, an anti-diabetic, an anti-estrogen, an anti-psychotic, an anti-infective agent, an anti-allergenic, an anti-pyretic, an anti-migraine agent or a tranquilizer.
 2. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37, wherein said drug comprises an estrogen or a combination of an estrogen and a progestin.
 3. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 2, wherein said estrogen comprises estradiol or mono- or di-esters thereof which are transdermally absorbable.
 4. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 2, wherein said progestin comprises norethindrone acetate or levonorgestrel.
 5. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37 which comprises from about 0.05% to about 40% w/w of drug.
 6. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 5, which comprises from about 0.1% to about 4.0% w/w of drug.
 7. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 2, which comprises from about 0.1% to about 4.0% of said estrogen.
 8. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 7, which further comprises from about 0.1% to about 20% of a progestin.
 9. A method for administering a drug transdermally to an individual in need of such administration, comprising applying to skin of the individual a transdermal dosage unit comprising: a) a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally; b) a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first initial rate of delivery of the drug; c) a second polymeric adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second initial rate of delivery of the drug which is different from said first rate of delivery; and d) at least one additional polymeric adhesive matrix sandwiched between said first and second polymeric matrices, each said additional adhesive matrix having an initial rate of delivery of the drug; wherein said initial rate of delivery of each of said matrices is different from one another.
 10. A transdermal delivery device for the transdermal delivery of an active substance, for example a pharmacologically active substance, the device having first and second superimposed mutually contacting adhesive layers, of which said first layer is pressure sensitive adhesive and is in use brought into contact with the skin, the active substance being dissolved in both said layers, wherein the affinity of said first layer for said active substance is between about 1.15 and about 10 times lower than that of said second layer, the percent saturation of said active substance in both said layers being the same and being less than 100%, said first layer having a greater thickness than said second layer.
 11. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10, wherein the ratio of the thickness of the first layer to the thickness of the second layer is in the range 1.2 to
 7. 12. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10, wherein the thickness of each said layer when dry is in the range 5 to 150 μm.
 13. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 12, wherein the thickness of the first layer when dry is in the range 5 to 125 μm and the thickness of the second layer when dry is in the range 5 to 75 μm.
 14. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein the affinity of said first layer for said active substance is 1.15 to 1.75 times lower than that of said second layer.
 15. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein said first layer has a polymer matrix consisting substantially of at least one non-functional polymer component and said second layer has a polymer matrix consisting of at least one functional polymer component or a mixture of functional and non-functional polymer components.
 16. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 15 wherein said second layer is composed of about 10 to about 90% of at least one functional polymer component and about 90 to about 10% of at least one non-functional polymer component, percentages being expressed relative to total weight of dry layer.
 17. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 16 wherein said second layer is composed of about 20 to about 50% of at least one functional polymer component and about 50 to about 80% of at least one non-functional polymer component, percentages being expressed relative to total weight of dry layer.
 18. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 15 wherein the or each said functional polymer component of said second layer has functional groups selected from —COOH and —OH.
 19. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein said first and second layers are composed of polymer components selected from acrylic polymers, polyisobutylenes and silicone elastomers.
 20. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein each said layer is composed of one or more acrylic polymer components.
 21. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein at least one of the first and second layers comprises at least one permeation enhancer.
 22. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein the amount of permeation enhancer in each of said layers, expressed as percent of the dry weight of each layer, is between 3.5 and 22%.
 23. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein the pharmacologically active substance is selected from fentanyl, alfentanyl, sufentanyl, carfentanyl, lofentanyl, buprenorphine and the derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 24. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein the pharmacologically active substance is nicotine or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives.
 25. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 10 wherein the pharmacologically active substance is fentanyl or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives.
 26. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 25 wherein the first layer to be in intimate contact with the skin has an initial fentanyl base content of 2 to 4%, expressed as percentage of the dry weight of said first layer.
 27. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 25 wherein the second layer has an initial fentanyl base content of 4 to 10%, expressed as percentage of the dry weight of said second layer.
 28. A transdermal delivery device according to claim 25, adapted to release a therapeutically effective dose of the active substance during at least three days.
 29. A process for the manufacture of a device for the transdermal administration of an active substance according to claim 10, which comprises the following steps: (a) coating and drying a first precursor adhesive layer that will be the second layer of said device onto a temporary release liner; (b) laminating said first precursor adhesive layer together with the temporary release film onto a backing layer; (c) coating and laminating onto a final release liner a second precursor adhesive layer that will be the first layer of said device; and (d) detaching the temporary release film and laminating said second precursor adhesive layer adhered to the final release liner obtained in ©) to said first precursor adhesive layer obtained in (b) that is adhered to the backing layer.
 30. A process according to claim 29, wherein the respective amounts of said active substance in said first and second precursor adhesive layers differ from the amounts in said device when ready for use, and after step (d) the active substance is allowed to equilibrate its percent saturation between the respective layers.
 31. A transdermal delivery device for the transdermal delivery of an active substance, for example a pharmacologically active substance, the device having first and second superimposed mutually contacting adhesive layers, of which said first layer is pressure sensitive adhesive and is in use brought into contact with the skin, the active substance being dissolved in both said layers, wherein the affinity of said first layer for said active substance is between about 1.15 and about 10 times lower than that of said second layer, the percent saturation of said active substance in both said layers being the same and being less than 100%.
 32. A transdermal delivery device for the transdermal delivery of an active substance, for example a pharmacologically active substance, the device having first and second superimposed mutually contacting adhesive layers, of which said first layer is pressure sensitive adhesive and is in use brought into contact with the skin, the active substance being dissolved in both said layers, wherein the difference in drug delivery rate of said active substance in said first layer is between about 10% and about 100% higher than that of said active substance in said second layer, the percent saturation of said active substance in both said layers being the same and being less than 100%.
 33. The transdermal delivery device of claim 32, wherein the difference in drug delivery rate of said active substance in said first layer is between about 10% and about 87% higher than that of said active substance in said second layer.
 34. The transdermal delivery device of claim 32, wherein the difference in drug delivery rate of said active substance in said first layer is between about 15% and about 60% higher than that of said active substance in said second layer.
 35. The transdermal delivery device of claim 32, wherein the difference in drug delivery rate of said active substance in said first layer is between about 15% and about 60% higher than that of said active substance in said second layer.
 36. The transdermal delivery device of claim 32, wherein the difference in drug delivery rate of said active substance in said first layer is between about 14% and about 83% higher than that of said active substance in said second layer.
 37. A transdermal drug-containing dosage unit which comprises a laminate comprising: a) a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally; b) a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first initial rate of delivery of the drug; c) a second polymeric adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second initial rate of delivery of the drug, said second polymeric matrix in contact with a release liner; and d) at least one additional adhesive matrix, laminated in between said first and second polymeric adhesive matrices, having dispersed therein the drug; each said additional adhesive matrix having an initial rate of delivery of the drug; wherein said initial rates of delivery of at least two of said matrices are different from one another.
 38. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37, wherein each of said initial rates of delivery is different from said other initial rates of delivery.
 39. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37, which comprises one additional adhesive matrix in between said first and second polymeric adhesive matrices, such that said additional adhesive matrix is in contact with said first adhesive matrix and with said second adhesive matrix.
 40. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37, which comprises more than one additional adhesive matrix in between said first and second polymeric adhesive matrices.
 41. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37, wherein either said first and second adhesive matrices or said additional adhesive matrix comprises an acrylic adhesive.
 42. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 41, wherein said non-acrylic adhesive matrix or matrices comprise(s) a silicone adhesive or a polyisobutylene adhesive.
 43. The transdermal drug-containing dosage unit of claim 37, wherein one matrix comprises an acrylic adhesive, one matrix comprises a polyisobutylene adhesive and one matrix comprises a silicone adhesive.
 44. A transdermal drug-containing dosage unit which comprises a laminate comprising: a) a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally; b) a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first initial rate of delivery of the drug; c) a second polymeric adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second initial rate of delivery of the drug; said second polymeric matrix in contact with a release liner; and d) a third polymeric adhesive matrix, in between and in contact with said first and second polymeric adhesive matrices, having dispersed therein the drug and having a third initial rate of delivery of the drug; wherein said initial rates of delivery of at least two of said matrices are different from one another.
 45. A method for preparing a transdermal drug-containing dosage unit comprising a laminate consisting of a backing layer, a first polymeric adhesive matrix, a second polymeric adhesive matrix, a third middle polymeric adhesive matrix, and a release liner, said method comprising the steps of: a) providing the backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally; b) providing the first polymeric adhesive matrix and laminating it to the backing layer, wherein the first polymeric adhesive matrix has dispersed therein the drug and has a first initial rate of delivery of the drug; c) providing the second polymeric adhesive matrix and laminating to the release liner, wherein the second polymeric adhesive matrix has dispersed therein the drug and has a second initial rate of delivery of the drug; and d) providing the third polymeric adhesive matrix and laminating it to either the first or second polymeric adhesive matrices, wherein the third polymeric adhesive matrix has dispersed therein the drug and has a third initial rate of delivery of the drug; and e) laminating the combined laminate comprising the third and first or second adhesive matrices which has resulted from step (d) to the second or first adhesive matrix, such that said third adhesive matrix is in between said first and second adhesive matrices; wherein said initial rates of delivery of at least two of said matrices are different from one another.
 46. A method for preparing a transdermal drug-containing dosage unit comprising a laminate consisting of a backing layer, a first polymeric adhesive matrix, a second polymeric adhesive matrix and a release liner, said method comprising the steps of: a) providing the backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally; b) providing the first polymeric adhesive matrix and laminating it to the backing layer; c) providing the second polymeric adhesive matrix and laminating it to the release liner; and d) laminating the first and second adhesive matrices to one another; wherein a drug to be delivered transdermally is initially suspended or dispersed within at least one of said first and second adhesive matrices and wherein if said drug is suspended or dispersed within both of said first and second adhesive matrices, said drug is initially delivered from said first adhesive matrix at a rate which is different from the initial rate of delivery of said second adhesive matrix.
 47. A method for administering a drug transdermally to an individual in need of such administration, comprising applying to skin of the individual a transdermal dosage unit comprising a laminate comprising: a) a backing layer substantially impervious to the drug to be delivered transdermally; b) a first polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with the backing layer, having dispersed therein the drug and having a first initial rate of delivery of the drug; c) a second polymeric adhesive matrix, in contact with the first adhesive matrix, having dispersed therein the drug and having a second initial rate of delivery of the drug; and d) at least one additional adhesive matrix, in between said first and second polymeric adhesive matrices, having dispersed therein the drug; each said additional adhesive matrix having an initial rate of delivery of the drug; wherein said initial rates of delivery of at least two of said matrices are different from one another. 